If you are referring to a calculated field, the answer is both yes and no. The calculated value will show in all lists, but in order to use it in reports it has to be saved, which it is when the record is updated for any reason.
So if the calculated field was added after the last update to the record, it will be calculated as the record is displayed in the list. But you wont be able to report on it or use it in a filter. But if you were to save a change to that record, the calculated value would be saved to the record. And then you can filter and report on it.
For example. In this list I have a calculated field called "Fiscal year". In the list view, we can see that INC0000505 has a value of 2017:
But if I filter the list with show matching, INC0000505 does not show up:
But if I go into INC0000505 and add a work note and save it, it suddenly shows up in the filtered list. This is because the calculated value has now been saved and can be used in filters and reports (grouped by):
All records created after the calculated field was added will have the value saved, and can be reported on.
