Software development originated in the mid-20th century when computers were first being developed. Early software programs were rudimentary, typically created by the same individuals who built the hardware. Over time, however, as computers became more sophisticated and widespread, the need for dedicated software professionals emerged.
With the advent of the digital era, the role of software developers has expanded significantly—evolving from simple programming tasks to complex systems design and implementation. Today, software developers are crucial in all industries, driving innovation and ensuring efficient and effective software solutions to address both internal and external business needs. Their work is foundational to modern business operations, shaping everything from simple mobile apps to extensive enterprise solutions.
Software development encompasses a wide range of specialisations—with as many variations and disciplines as there are different types of software. That said, most developers can be broadly categorised into two primary groups: systems software developers and applications software developers.
Systems software developers create operating systems and network control systems that keep computers and devices (and the components and applications that support them) functioning as intended and operate together efficiently. Examples of their work are not difficult to find; most consumer-facing computers and smart devices come preloaded with operating systems. These act as go-betweens, facilitating user/hardware communication and allowing non-programmers to interact with computers without the need to understand coding languages.
Applications developers design, build and manage software solutions tailored to meet end-user needs. They often work with key stakeholders to understand business requirements and translate them into technical solutions. This includes creating interfaces, automating processes and integrating systems. Developers must also be proficient in coding, UI design and process automation. For example, when tasked with automating a travel authorisation process, an applications developer might determine the data to track, how to capture it efficiently and whether decisions can be automated or need human approval. They would then design the interfaces and integration points.
A software developer is responsible for a company's software applications and systems—most specifically in terms of conceptualisation and design, though they are also typically involved in ongoing management and upkeep. As such, they are often involved in a variety of project types. Whether designing new applications for clients, building process automations, debugging current systems or performing any other software-relevant tasks, developers must be capable of doing more than just writing code.
Developers collaborate with other IT professionals to analyse user needs and ensure that software solutions meet technical and functional requirements. Their role is critical in creating efficient, reliable and scalable software products that drive business success.
Taking responsibility for creating and managing a business’ various software products and components is no small job. Software developers engage in numerous daily tasks to support this mandate. These tasks may include:
- Writing and testing code to create or update software applications.
- Collaborating with teams (including analysts, project managers and other developers) to plan and execute projects.
- Analysing user requirements to develop tailored software solutions.
- Debugging and troubleshooting software issues to ensure smooth operation.
- Documenting software to provide reference materials for users and other developers.
- Participating in code reviews to maintain high-quality code standards.
- Updating software to improve performance, add features or comply with new security standards.
- Researching innovative technologies to stay current with industry trends and help integrate new tools.
- Designing software architecture to ensure scalable and efficient systems.
- Testing software to identify and resolve issues before release.
- Recommending software upgrades for existing systems to enhance functionality and performance.
- Monitoring software during testing and maintenance to ensure continued functionality
- Ensuring software security by implementing best practices and updates to protect against vulnerabilities.
To excel as a software developer, one must possess a blend of technical and interpersonal skills. These skills enable developers to effectively create, manage and maintain software applications and systems. High-performing software developers are distinguished by their technical proficiency and their ability to work collaboratively in dynamic environments.
Soft skills are crucial for facilitating communication and teamwork in the development process. Key soft skills for software developers include:
- Communication
Effective communication is essential for understanding project requirements, conveying ideas and collaborating with team members and stakeholders. - Teamwork
Developers often work as part of larger departments or teams, requiring the ability to collaborate, share responsibilities and support one another in achieving common goals. - Problem-solving
Identifying and resolving issues are a critical part of software development. Strong problem-solving skills help developers navigate challenges efficiently. - Attention to detail
Precision is vital in coding and debugging to ensure the software functions correctly, securely and free of errors. - Adaptability
The ability to adapt to new technologies and project requirements is essential in the ever-evolving field of software development. - Patience
Developing software can be a lengthy and complex process. Patience helps developers maintain motivation and focus through challenges and setbacks - Analytical thinking
Analysing complex problems and breaking them down into manageable components is key to developing effective software solutions.
Also called technical skills, hard skills form the foundation of a software developer's capabilities. Important technical skills include:
- Knowledge of data structures and algorithms
Understanding how to organise and manipulate data is a major element of writing optimised code. - Understanding of software security
Implementing security best practices protects software from vulnerabilities and ensures data integrity. - Fluency in various programming languages
Proficiency in languages such as Java, Python, C#, and SQL (to name only a few) allows developers to choose the best tools for different projects. - Understanding of development operations (DevOps)
Familiarity with DevOps practices helps streamline the software development lifecycle through continuous integration and delivery. - Training in software engineering
Comprehensive knowledge of software engineering principles enables developers to design, develop and maintain high-quality software systems.
Software developers tend to wear multiple hats when it comes to managing an organisation's software needs. This has led to some confusion over the distinction between software developers and software engineers.
While software developers and software engineers share many responsibilities, their roles and focus areas have distinct differences. Software developers typically focus primarily on creating specific applications or programs. Their work involves writing, debugging, and executing source code, often working closely with graphic designers, product managers and other developers to bring an idea to life. Developers often have more flexibility and may work on diverse types of software projects, from mobile apps and internet of things (IoT) programs to more traditional desktop applications.
In contrast, software engineers apply engineering principles to software development, working on a broader scale to design, develop and manage complex systems and infrastructure. Their role encompasses the entire development lifecycle, including planning, system design, development, testing and maintenance. Engineers are often involved in creating tools and systems architecture, and ensuring that software solutions are scalable to meet changing needs. They collaborate with other engineers, developers and IT professionals to integrate systems and solve complex technical problems.
Still, these distinctions may not be universal. Companies hiring software developers may also want their candidates to have experience with software engineering practices, and vice versa.
Software developers can find opportunities in various industries; startups often have as much need for developers as large corporations. New developers typically start their careers in entry-level positions and can advance to more senior roles through experience, ongoing training and specialisation. Developers may also choose to pursue higher education or certifications to stay current with evolving technologies and enhance their career prospects.
Software developers generally begin their careers as interns or junior developers, focusing on coding and learning the ropes of software development. With experience, they can move into roles such as senior developer, team lead or project manager, where they oversee projects and mentor junior team members. Some developers choose to specialise in areas like cybersecurity, data science or mobile app development.
This is all to say that there are many different options available to those who pursue a career in software development. Some specific areas of focus may include:
- Mobile app developer
Specialising in creating applications for mobile devices, mobile app developers design and code apps for platforms such as iOS and Android. - Game developer
Game developers design and develop video games for various platforms. - Systems developer
Focusing on the development of systems software, systems developers create and maintain operating systems and network control systems. - Full-stack developer
Working on both front-end and back-end development, full-stack developers handle the entire development process from server-side logic to user interface design. - General-purpose programmer
General-purpose programmers handle a variety of programming tasks across different areas, contributing to multiple types of software projects. - Systems analyst
Systems analysts assess and improve system functionality by analysing business requirements and recommending technological solutions. - Information security analyst
Information security analysts implement and monitor security measures to protect an organisation's computer systems and networks. - Software engineer
Software engineers oversee the development of operating systems and applications. - Network architect
Designing and implementing data network systems, network architects may be involved in establishing smaller local area networks (LANs), intranets or large wide area networks (WANs). - Lead developer or technical lead
Leads help manage teams of developers or IT personnel, assigning tasks, monitoring performance and ensuring project timelines are being met. - Software architect
Software architects design system infrastructure and are involved in making high-level design choices. - Engineering Manager
Managing development teams and overseeing the development process is the primary responsibility of the engineering manager. - Chief technology officer (CTO)
The CTO determines the technological direction of a company, making strategic decisions to support important business objectives.
There is no fast-track to becoming a professional software engineer; it is typically a long and involved journey that includes a combination practical experience, and continuous, dedicated learning. On the other hand, this field offers multiple entry points, allowing prospective developers to tailor their paths based on their backgrounds and career goals.
There isn't any specific degree requirements attached to software development. Becoming a professional in this field is a journey open to everyone, regardless of background or education. That said, for those that choose to pursue this path through higher education, it may be beneficial to earn one or more of the following degrees:
- Associate's degree
An associate degree in software development or a related field can provide foundational knowledge and skills and is typically completed in two years. - Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree in computer science, software engineering, or IT is the most common pathway to software development. This four-year degree covers essential programming, algorithms and system design. - Master's degree
Pursuing a master's degree offers advanced knowledge and specialisation in specific areas of software development. It typically requires one to three additional years after obtaining a bachelor's degree.
Alternatively, coding bootcamps may offer a more intensive, short-term training experience, usually lasting three to six months. These programmes focus on practical skills and real-world projects, providing a quicker path into the industry. At the same time, certifications (such as those offered by ServiceNow and CompTIA) can help validate skills and knowledge in specific areas of software development. Just be aware that many employers favour degrees over certifications or bootcamp portfolios and may also offer more pay to new developers who have a formal education.
Structured education is only the first leg in the journey towards a career in software development. Real-world experience can help fill in knowledge gaps and establish essential proficiencies in areas perhaps not covered in school or other programmes. The following are some of the more popular opportunities for prospective developers to further expand their competencies:
- Internships
Internships provide hands-on experience and exposure to real-world projects—valuable for building a portfolio and gaining industry insights. Additionally, many internships help new developers establish professional networks and may lead directly into full-time positions. - Volunteer work
Volunteering for non-profits or open-source projects can offer practical experience and networking opportunities. Though they generally aren't paid positions, they often make up for the lack of salary by offering increased freedom in terms of how to approach various projects. - Personal projects
Building passion projects displays skills and creativity. These projects can be highlighted in developers' portfolios to demonstrate abilities to potential employers. - Entry-level positions
This is a necessary step for most new developers. Starting in entry-level roles such as junior developer or software engineer helps developers gain professional experience and learn from seasoned colleagues, while providing a clearer path of advancement. - Conferences
Attending industry conferences and workshops outside of work gives developers access to industry experts and peers and is a great way to stay updated on the latest trends.
